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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation01:29

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation

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In a cardiovascular examination, inspection and palpation are crucial for identifying abnormalities.
Abnormal findings observed during an inspection
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
141
Pulse01:16

Pulse

510
When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

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Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

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Aortic flow is abnormal in HFpEF.

Zia Mehmood1, Hosamadin Assadi1,2, Rui Li1,2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK.

Wellcome Open Research
|March 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients exhibit significantly disturbed aortic flow, indicated by elevated average systolic aortic flow displacement (FDsavg) and systolic flow reversal ratio (sFRR). These findings highlight key hemodynamic changes in HFpEF.

Keywords:
Aortic FlowCardiac OutputHFpEFHaemodynamicsMagnetic Resonance Imaging

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Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Hemodynamics

Background:

  • Turbulent aortic flow impairs cardiovascular efficiency.
  • The impact of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) on aortic flow dynamics remains largely uncharacterized.
  • Investigating aortic flow disturbances is crucial for understanding HFpEF pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate advanced markers of aortic flow disturbances in patients with HFpEF.
  • To compare aortic flow hemodynamics between HFpEF patients and healthy controls.
  • To identify specific flow parameters indicative of HFpEF.

Main Methods:

  • A case-controlled observational study utilizing four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (4D Flow CMR) imaging.
  • Analysis of two-dimensional phase-contrast data at the sino-tubular junction, measuring average systolic aortic flow displacement (FDsavg), systolic flow reversal ratio (sFRR), and pulse wave velocity (PWV).
  • Comparison between young healthy controls (HCs), old HCs, and HFpEF patients, with a subgroup analysis of old HCs versus age-gender-matched HFpEF.

Main Results:

  • HFpEF patients demonstrated significantly higher FDsavg (23±10% vs. 16±5%, P<0.001) and sFRR (11±10% vs. 7±6%, P<0.001) compared to old HCs.
  • Specific thresholds for FDsavg (>17.7%) and sFRR (>7.3%) showed significant sensitivity and specificity in differentiating HFpEF from old HCs.
  • Subgroup analysis confirmed elevated FDsavg and sFRR in HFpEF patients, with specific cutoffs achieving high sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Aortic flow hemodynamics, specifically FDsavg and sFRR, are significantly altered in aging and HFpEF patients.
  • These advanced flow markers can help differentiate HFpEF patients from healthy individuals.
  • The findings underscore the role of disturbed aortic flow in the pathophysiology of HFpEF.