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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

526

Programmed Death-1 Inhibitor Immunotherapy-Induced Symptomatic Toxic Thyroid Nodule.

Owen Cole1, Prahasith Kamani1, Vikash Kumar1

  • 1Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, USA.

Cureus
|March 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors can cause thyroid issues. This case report details a patient developing a toxic thyroid nodule during PD-L1 inhibitor treatment, suggesting a link needing further research.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly PD-L1 inhibitors, are vital cancer therapies.
Keywords:
hot nodulehyperthyroidismmerkel cell carcinomaprogrammed death ligand 1 inhibitorthyrotoxicosis

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  • Thyroid dysfunction is a known side effect of these treatments, commonly hypothyroidism.
  • Hyperthyroidism is a less frequent but documented adverse effect.