Clinical Characteristics and Neuroimaging Correlations in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Report of Two Cases

Autoimmune encephalitis is an infrequent pathological occurrence documented within our local context. When clinical suspicion arises, employing electroencephalogram and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proves valuable. However, for conclusive diagnosis confirmation, lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is indispensable. Managing this condition involves a combination of immunosuppression and, when necessary, tumor resection. We document the initial cases reported in our city, featuring two young patients without significant pre-existing conditions. Patients initially displayed behavioral alterations progressing to altered consciousness, febrile peaks, and challenging epileptic status, requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. The diagnosis was made based on MRI and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) antibodies. Treatment involved intravenous (IV) immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, and corticosteroids. After discharge, both had cognitive sequelae. Autoimmune encephalitis is a pathological condition that still lacks thorough exploration and reporting. It predominantly affects young patients without a history of acute psychiatric symptoms, necessitating consideration when behavioral alterations emerge. The challenges faced by small cities, including a shortage of technical resources, further impede the timely and precise diagnosis of this intricate condition.