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Related Concept Videos

Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Meiosis II01:57

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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts
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Mitotic waves in frog egg extracts: Transition from phase waves to trigger waves.

Owen Puls1,2, Daniel Ruiz-Reynés3,4, Franco Tavella2,5

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|March 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mitotic oscillations in early embryos synchronize via phase and trigger waves. This study reveals a transition from phase to trigger waves, coordinating cell cycles over long distances in Xenopus egg extracts.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Cell cycle progression relies on cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activity, exhibiting cyclical oscillations.
  • Synchronized cell divisions in large early embryos depend on coordinating these oscillations over long distances.
  • Diffusion is insufficient for long-range coordination; phase and trigger waves are proposed mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Phase waves are a transient phenomenon preceding trigger wave entrainment.
  • Spatial heterogeneity and external drivers promote wave entrainment for synchronization.
  • Phase and trigger waves represent a unified biological process for long-range cell cycle coordination.