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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria
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Pf bacteriophages hinder sputum antibiotic diffusion via electrostatic binding.

Qingquan Chen1, Pam Cai2, Tony Hong Wei Chang1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|March 18, 2024
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Summary

Pf phages and sputum polymers impede antibiotic diffusion in cystic fibrosis patients. These interactions, driven by electrostatic forces, reduce antibiotic effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biophysics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infections are a major challenge in cystic fibrosis (CF).
  • Inhaled antibiotics are crucial for treating Pa infections in CF patients.
  • Pf bacteriophages are associated with antibiotic resistance and poor outcomes in CF, but mechanisms are unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Pf phages and sputum biopolymers contribute to antibiotic tolerance in chronic Pa infections.
  • Understanding these interactions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for CF patients.