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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function.
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Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Adenosine and Cortical Plasticity.

Irene Martínez-Gallego1, Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno1

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular Neuroscience and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.

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Adenosine, released by astrocytes, is key to synaptic plasticity during brain development. It influences long-term plasticity and refines brain circuits for adaptive behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Brain plasticity, or synaptic plasticity, involves nervous system changes in response to experience.
  • Postnatal development sees environmental factors shaping synaptic plasticity, crucial for adult brain circuits.
  • Understanding cortical map formation and modification is a key neuroscience challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review adenosine's role in synaptic plasticity during postnatal development.
  • To explore adenosine's mechanisms in inducing and sustaining plasticity.
  • To discuss adenosine receptors in brain diseases and potential therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on adenosine and synaptic plasticity.
  • Analysis of adenosine's involvement in long-term potentiation and depression.
  • Examination of astrocyte-released adenosine signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine, likely from astrocytes, directly participates in inducing long-term synaptic plasticity.
  • Adenosine controls the duration of plasticity windows in cortical synapses.
  • Adenosine signaling is implicated in various brain development stages.

Conclusions:

  • Adenosine is a critical modulator of synaptic plasticity during brain development.
  • Targeting adenosine receptors may offer therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate adenosine's complex roles in the brain.