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Radiation: Applications

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in...

Mechanism of heat transfer

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Published on: May 2, 2016

Materials in Radiative Cooling Technologies.

Rong Liu¹, Shancheng Wang¹, Zhengui Zhou¹

¹Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|March 18, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Radiative cooling (RC) offers a sustainable solution by using thermal radiation for cooling. This review explores advanced RC materials, focusing on design strategies and performance improvements for reduced energy consumption.

Keywords:

multifunctional materials radiative cooling static‐cooling materials stimuli‐responsive materials thermal management

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Sustainable Energy Technologies
Thermodynamics

Background:

Radiative cooling (RC) is a carbon-neutral technology for heat dissipation to outer space.
Growing interest in RC stems from its potential for economic and environmental benefits.
Reducing reliance on conventional cooling systems is crucial for sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

To review materials development in radiative cooling.
To focus on design strategies, intrinsic properties, structural formations, and performance enhancement.
To provide a roadmap for advanced RC materials.

Main Methods:

Systematic overview of static-homogeneous, static-composite, dynamic, and multifunctional RC materials.
Analysis of design strategies for intrinsic properties and structural formations.
Evaluation of performance improvement techniques.

Main Results:

Detailed examination of various classes of radiative cooling materials.
Elucidation of how material design impacts cooling performance.
Identification of key advancements in RC material science.

Conclusions:

Materials innovation is central to unlocking the full potential of radiative cooling.
Future trends, challenges, and solutions for advanced RC materials are discussed.
The review serves as a guide for future research and development in RC materials.