Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A conserved in-frame stop codon acts as a multipotent defense mechanism in alphaviruses.

Science advances·2026

Same author

Fitness Landscapes of APOBEC3G Antagonism by HIV-1 Vif proteins.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

The Sindbis virus nsP3 opal codon protects viral RNA and fitness by maintaining replication spherule integrity.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

CARD8 inflammasome activation during HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission.

eLife·2025

Same author

Heterozygous and generalist MxA super-restrictors overcome breadth-specificity trade-offs in antiviral restriction.

Science advances·2025

Same author

A conserved opal termination codon optimizes a temperature-dependent trade-off between protein production and processing in alphaviruses.

Science advances·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 24, 2012

Capsid-dependent lentiviral restrictions.

Joy Twentyman¹, Michael Emerman¹, Molly Ohainle²

¹Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Journal of Virology

|March 18, 2024

Summary

Host antiviral proteins block primate lentivirus replication by targeting viral structures. This review covers known capsid-targeting antiviral mechanisms and highlights methods to identify novel antiviral genes, advancing HIV and retrovirology research.

Keywords:

capsid human immunodeficiency virus lentiviruses restriction factor

More Related Videos

A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells

A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells

Published on: December 12, 2017

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 24, 2012

A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells

A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells

Published on: December 12, 2017

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

Host antiviral proteins are crucial in controlling primate lentivirus and retrovirus infections.
These proteins target various stages of the viral life cycle, including the capsid protein and viral core.
Known antiviral blocks (Lv1-Lv5) exhibit cell type-specific inhibition of primate lentiviruses.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics of identified capsid-targeting antiviral blocks.
To discuss antiviral blocks where the responsible genes are yet to be identified.
To highlight how current methodologies can facilitate the discovery of novel antiviral genes.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on host antiviral proteins and lentiviral restriction factors.
Analysis of described antiviral phenotypes (Lv1-Lv5) and their mechanisms.
Discussion of current genetic and molecular techniques applicable to antiviral gene discovery.

Main Results:

Several host antiviral proteins directly target lentiviral capsid and core structures.
Cell type-specific restriction factors (Lv1-Lv5) demonstrate varied efficacy against different primate lentiviruses.
Numerous antiviral blocks remain uncharacterized, with their causative genes yet to be identified.

Conclusions:

Understanding capsid-targeting antiviral mechanisms is key to controlling lentiviral infections.
Advanced methodologies are poised to identify novel antiviral genes, solving long-standing retrovirology mysteries.
This research is vital for developing new therapeutic strategies against HIV and other retroviruses.