Density Functional Theory Calculations on Fluorescence-Enhanced Mechanisms of the Optical Sensor for Zinc Ions, ADPA

N-(9-anthracenylmethyl)-N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine (ADPA) as a specific ion sensor for Zn²⁺ has been widely applied. Although the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism was proposed previously, its fluorescence-enhanced effect still remains somewhat ambiguous, according to unknown influences of non-radiative energy decay pathways, such as intersystem crossing and internal conversion. Herein, a thorough study using density functional theory has been performed for low-lying electronic states of the ADPA monomer and hydrated ADPA-Zn²⁺ complex. Based on interfragment charge transfer analyses, we quantitatively calculated the amount of transferred electrons in the monomer and complex, providing solid evidences for the PET mechanism and in line with the conclusion of frontier molecular orbital analyses. Moreover, the ISC process of S₁→T₂ was confirmed to play a considerable role in the excitation energy relaxation process of the ADPA monomer, but this influence was significantly suppressed in the hydrated ADPA-Zn²⁺ complex. These results provide additional clues for the design of new metal ion-specific fluorescence probes.