Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Metabolic Characterization of Polarized M1 and M2 Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
Published on: November 28, 2015
Tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites: new players in macrophage
Ying Yang1, Bing-Bing Cui1, Jian Li1
1Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China.
Abstract:
Metabolic remodeling is a key feature of macrophage activation and polarization. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites in the innate immune system. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the metabolic reprogramming of the TCA cycle during macrophage activation and polarization and address the effects of these metabolites in modulating macrophage function. Deciphering the crosstalk between the TCA cycle and the immune response might provide novel potential targets for the intervention of immune reactions and favor the development of new strategies for the treatment of infection, inflammation, and cancer.
Related Concept Videos
Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview
The citric...
The Citric Acid Cycle: Output
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is...
Fats as Energy Storage Molecules
The Citric Acid Cycle
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

