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Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Impedance Monitoring for Cochlear Implant Surgery

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Impedance Monitoring for Cochlear Implant Surgery

Published on: August 4, 2023

Endoscope-Assisted Cochlear Implantation in Atretic Round Window.

Muhammad Syafiq H Musa^1,2, Khairunnisak Misron², Noor Dina Hashim³

¹Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz, Kuala Lumpur, MYS.

|March 19, 2024

Summary

Endoscopic visualization aided cochlear implant (CI) surgery in a child with a rare atretic round window (RW) anomaly. This technique improved surgical view and ensured successful electrode insertion, minimizing complication risks.

Keywords:

atresia cochlear implant endoscopic ear surgery hearing loss round window

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Impedance Monitoring for Cochlear Implant Surgery

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Published on: August 4, 2023

Performing Intracochlear Electrocochleography During Cochlear Implantation

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Published on: March 8, 2022

Robotic Cochlear Implantation for Direct Cochlear Access

Robotic Cochlear Implantation for Direct Cochlear Access

Published on: June 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Neurosurgery
Medical Imaging

Background:

Cochlear implantation (CI) conventionally uses transmastoid posterior tympanotomy.
Endoscopy offers enhanced visualization in otologic surgery, particularly for challenging anatomical structures.
Pediatric CI candidates require precise surgical techniques for optimal outcomes.

Observation:

A 3-year-old girl with profound hearing loss underwent left CI surgery.
Preoperative imaging revealed no inner or middle ear abnormalities.
Microscopic visualization failed to identify the round window (RW) niche, necessitating endoscopic intervention.
The endoscope identified a possibly atretic RW, guiding electrode insertion via cochleostomy.

Findings:

Endoscope-assisted CI surgery successfully navigated the atretic RW anomaly.
Intraoperative impedance and telemetry measurements were within normal limits.
No intra- or postoperative complications occurred, and the CI functioned well post-activation.

Implications:

Atretic RW is a rare intraoperative finding during CI surgery.
Endoscopic guidance is valuable for CI electrode insertion in cases of limited or abnormal RW anatomy.
This approach can potentially reduce surgical risks and improve outcomes in complex CI cases.