Energetically Favored 2D to 3D Transition: Why Silicene Cannot Be Grown on Ag(111)

Silicene, a two-dimensional (2D) Si monolayer with properties similar to those of graphene, has attracted considerable attention because of its compatibility with existing technology. Most growth efforts to date have focused on the Ag(111) substrate, with a 3 × 3 phase widely reported below one monolayer (ML). As the coverage increases, a √3 × √3 pattern frequently emerges, which has been proposed by various experimental investigations as a $$ reconstructed structure. We report first-principles calculations to understand this series of observations. A major finding from our energetics studies is that Si growth on Ag(111) beyond one ML will switch to the Volmer-Weber mode, forming three-dimensional sp³ films. Combining with the condition that the 3 × 3 monolayer on Ag(111) does not have the correct buckling pattern of freestanding silicene, we conclude that silicene cannot be grown on Ag(111) and that a 2D to 3D transition is energetically favored beyond one ML.