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Related Concept Videos

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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
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A kinetic dichotomy between mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression processes.

Erik McShane1, Mary Couvillion1, Robert Ietswaart1

  • 1Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Molecular Cell
|March 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression coordination for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is unbalanced. This study reveals mitochondrial mRNA

Keywords:
LRPPRCLeighs diseaseRNA life cyclegene regulationgenetic conflictmetabolic regulationmitochondrial gene expressionmitochondrial translationmitonuclear balanceorganellular biogenesisoxidative phosphorylation

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes require coordinated gene expression from both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.
  • Balancing OXPHOS subunit biogenesis between these two compartments remains a key challenge in molecular biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively analyze the life cycles of human nuclear and mitochondrial messenger RNAs (mt-mRNAs).
  • To identify regulatory mechanisms coordinating gene expression between the nucleus and mitochondria for OXPHOS.

Main Methods:

  • Parallel quantitative analysis of nuclear and mt-mRNA life cycles (production, processing, ribosome association, degradation).
  • Quantitative modeling and depletion of mitochondrial factors LRPPRC and FASTKD5.
  • Kinetic analysis of gene expression stages.

Main Results:

  • Significant kinetic differences were observed between nuclear mRNA and mt-mRNA life cycles.
  • mt-mRNAs are produced at higher rates, degrade faster, and accumulate to higher levels than nuclear mRNAs.
  • Mitochondrial pre-mRNA's polycistronic nature drives expression disparities, regulated by factors like LRPPRC and FASTKD5.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial gene expression is intrinsically faster and less stable than nuclear gene expression.
  • A slower mitochondrial translation rate is proposed as a key mechanism for resolving mitonuclear expression imbalances.
  • The mitoribosome acts as a central point for coordinating gene expression between mitochondria and the nucleus.