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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
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Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Theranostics of Thyroid Cancer.

Luca Giovanella1, Murat Tuncel2, Atena Aghaee3

  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland; Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
|March 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Molecular imaging refines thyroid cancer management by integrating molecular biomarkers and theranostics for personalized treatment. This approach enhances risk stratification and guides therapy for various thyroid cancer types, including differentiated, poorly differentiated, and medullary thyroid cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Molecular imaging is crucial for evaluating and managing diverse thyroid cancer histotypes.
  • Current risk stratification systems for thyroid cancer can be improved by integrating molecular and molecular imaging biomarkers.
  • Theranostic approaches enable patient-specific treatment decisions in thyroid cancer management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and future perspectives of molecular imaging and theranostics in thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight how molecular imaging refines risk stratification and treatment strategies for different thyroid cancer subtypes.
  • To discuss advancements in theranostic applications for advanced and metastatic thyroid cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular imaging techniques including radioactive iodine isotopes (I-131, I-123, I-124) and PET/CT scans ([18F]FDG, 6-[18F]FDOPA).
  • Analysis of theranostic strategies such as redifferentiation therapies and peptide receptor theranostics.
  • Evaluation of molecular imaging in risk stratification and assessment of disease aggressiveness and metastases.

Main Results:

  • Radioactive iodine isotopes are central to differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) risk stratification.
  • [18F]FDG PET/CT assesses aggressiveness and metastases in DTC, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic thyroid cancers.
  • 6-[18F]FDOPA PET/CT is highly specific for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC); [18F]FDG PET/CT aids in aggressive MTC phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular imaging, combined with theranostics, offers personalized treatment for thyroid cancer patients.
  • New redifferentiation strategies and peptide receptor theranostics show promise for radioiodine-refractory DTC and MTC.
  • Integrating molecular imaging biomarkers refines thyroid cancer management, improving patient outcomes.