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Amines: Introduction01:07

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Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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In nature, compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen are known as "hydrocarbons". Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecules contain saturated single bonds (i.e., alkanes) or unsaturated double or triple bonds. Alkenes contain carbon–carbon double bonds and have a structural formula CnH2n. Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon–carbon triple bonds are called "alkynes" and are structurally represented by the formula CnH2n-2.
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Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic...
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Natural Distribution, Structures, Synthesis, and Bioactivity of Hasubanan Alkaloids.

Yingjie Wang1, Fuxin Sun1, Yapeng Liang1

  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China.

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Hasubanan alkaloids, found in Stephania herbs, share structural similarities with morphine. This review explores their distribution, synthesis, and potential pain-relieving effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • Hasubanan alkaloids are a unique class of alkaloids structurally related to morphine.
  • These compounds are primarily isolated from plants belonging to the Stephania genus.
  • Their complex structures and potential pharmacological activities are of significant interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of hasubanan alkaloids.
  • To detail their natural occurrence, structural features, and biosynthesis.
  • To summarize synthetic approaches and known biological activities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science).
  • Analysis of chemical structures and biosynthetic pathways.
  • Compilation of reported synthetic strategies and biological data.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of the natural distribution of hasubanan alkaloids within the Stephania genus.
  • Elucidation of key structural characteristics and stereochemistry.
  • Summary of various biosynthetic routes and chemical synthesis methodologies.
  • Catalog of reported biological activities, including analgesic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Hasubanan alkaloids represent a promising scaffold for drug discovery, particularly for analgesics.
  • Further research into their biosynthesis and synthetic modification could yield novel therapeutic agents.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge, facilitating future investigations in the field.