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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

59
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
59
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

72
Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in...
72
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

90
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
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Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

109
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
109

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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Suboptimal decision making and interpersonal problems in ADHD: longitudinal evidence from a laboratory task.

L Sørensen1, S Adolfsdottir2,3, E Kvadsheim4

  • 1Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway. Lin.Sorensen@uib.no.

Scientific Reports
|March 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show persistent suboptimal decision-making. This trait, particularly delay aversion, longitudinally predicts greater social problems in adolescents with ADHD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychiatry

Background:

  • Over 50% of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience social and interpersonal difficulties.
  • Suboptimal decision-making, characterized by an inability to adapt choices based on risk, is hypothesized to contribute to social challenges in ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally assess decision-making in children with ADHD over four years.
  • To determine if suboptimal decision-making predicts social problems in youth with ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • The Cambridge Gambling Task was used to measure decision-making in children with ADHD and a typically developing control group.
  • Longitudinal data collection occurred over four years, with assessments at baseline and follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Suboptimal decision-making was confirmed as a stable trait in children and adolescents with ADHD.
  • Delay aversion, a key component of suboptimal decision-making, predicted greater parent-reported social problems longitudinally, despite not differing between groups at follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest that impulsivity in social interactions among youth with ADHD may stem from a motivational deficit.
  • Decision-making abilities and their link to social functioning are crucial areas for understanding and supporting children with ADHD.