Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

False Memories01:18

False Memories

88
False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
88
Eyewitness Memory01:22

Eyewitness Memory

109
Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function...
109
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

606
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
606
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

138
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
138
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

6.0K
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
6.0K
Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

74
Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...
74

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intrinsic functional connectivity in medial temporal lobe networks is associated with susceptibility to misinformation.

Memory (Hove, England)·2024
Same author

The Underappreciated Benefits of Interleaving for Category Learning.

Journal of Intelligence·2023
Same author

When Memory and Metamemory Align: How Processes at Encoding Influence Delayed Judgment-of-Learning Accuracy.

Journal of Intelligence·2022
Same author

Thinking about thinking about thinking … & feeling: A model for metacognitive and meta-affective processes in task engagement.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science·2022
Same author

Protecting memory from misinformation: Warnings modulate cortical reinstatement during memory retrieval.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2020
Same journal

The role of sleep in strengthening face learning and memory consolidation: A systematic review.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

How the brain represents a romantic partner: Dissociable roles of the nucleus accumbens and anterior insula.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Predictive processing in time perception: Assessing prediction error minimization in the sub-second range.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

When attention falters: Brain, breathing, and behavioral signals of lapses in interoceptive attention.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Fronto-Parietal EEG asymmetry interactions predict negative attention bias: A secondary data analysis.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Correction: The neural basis of cost-benefit trade-offs in effort investment: a quantitative activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

38.0K

Warning before misinformation exposure modulates memory encoding.

Jessica M Karanian1, Ayanna K Thomas2, Elizabeth Race2

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USA. jessica.karanian@fairfield.edu.

Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
|March 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Warnings before exposure to misleading information reduce memory distortion. Prewarnings enhance memory accuracy by modulating neural activity in frontal and auditory regions during encoding of post-event details.

Keywords:
False memoryMisinformation effectPrewarningProspective warningSource misattributionfMRI

More Related Videos

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

9.6K
Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

35.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

38.0K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

9.6K
Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

35.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Exposure to misleading post-event information can distort eyewitness memory reports.
  • The misinformation effect describes this memory impairment.
  • Prewarnings about information reliability can mitigate this effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if prewarnings improve memory accuracy by altering neural activity during misinformation encoding.
  • To examine the neural mechanisms underlying the protective effect of prewarnings.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used in a repeated retrieval misinformation paradigm.
  • Participants witnessed an event, received post-event information (consistent, neutral, misleading), and completed memory tests.
  • A prewarning group was compared to a no-warning control group.

Main Results:

  • Participants receiving a prewarning showed reduced susceptibility to misinformation.
  • Prewarned participants exhibited increased frontal activity (lateral PFC, ACC) during misleading trials.
  • A global reduction in auditory and semantic processing areas was observed in the prewarning group.

Conclusions:

  • Prewarnings enhance memory accuracy by modulating neural activity during the encoding of post-event information.
  • Frontal regions involved in source encoding and conflict detection are key to this protective effect.
  • Neural activity changes during misinformation exposure predict behavioral protection from memory distortion.