Modelling the optimization of world-class 400 m and 1,500 m running performances using high-resolution data

Area of Science:

• Sports Science
• Exercise Physiology
• Biomechanics

Background:

• The 400m and 1500m track events significantly depend on both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems.
• Understanding the interplay of these systems is crucial for optimizing performance in middle and long-distance running.

Purpose of the Study:

• To model and simulate men's and women's 400m and 1500m championship performances.
• To analyze key mechanical and physiological factors influencing running speed and bend running.
• To investigate world-class athletes' instantaneous speeds, propulsive forces, and energy system contributions using high-resolution data.

Main Methods:

• Utilized high-resolution (10 Hz) live competition data.
• Developed models to simulate performances of elite European Athletics champions (400m: Matthew Hudson-Smith, Femke Bol; 1500m: Jakob Ingebrigtsen, Gaia Sabbatini).
• Analyzed instantaneous speeds, propulsive forces, and aerobic/anaerobic energy contributions.

Main Results:

• Peak running speeds in both 400m and 1500m occur within the first ~50m due to fast oxygen kinetics.
• 400m athletes experience continuous velocity decrease, with ~77% anaerobic contribution for both genders.
• Improved aerobic metabolism significantly impacts 1500m performance, as seen in Gaia Sabbatini's faster races.

Conclusions:

• Faster 400m times require minimizing velocity decrease through high VO2 and anaerobic contribution.
• Jakob Ingebrigtsen's 1500m strategy involves a fast cruising pace, high sustained VO2, and significant anaerobic contribution, without a final sprint.
• Coaches should prioritize anaerobic development for 400m athletes and consider energy system differences for 1500m pacing strategies.