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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Engineering Spin-Orbit Interactions in Silicon Qubits at the Atomic-Scale.

Yu-Ling Hsueh1,2, Daniel Keith1,3, Yousun Chung1,3

  • 1Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., Level 2, Newton Building, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Large-scale analogue quantum simulation using atom dot arrays.

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An 11-qubit atom processor in silicon.

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High-fidelity sub-microsecond single-shot electron spin readout above 3.5 K.

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Bounds to electron spin qubit variability for scalable CMOS architectures.

Nature communications·2024

Precision placement of phosphorus atoms in silicon enables engineering of spin-orbit interactions. This control is crucial for optimizing qubit operations and extending qubit lifetimes in quantum processors.

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Computing
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Spin-orbit interactions link a qubit's spin and orbital states, crucial for quantum operations but also a source of noise limiting qubit lifetimes.
  • While historically considered negligible in bulk silicon, recent studies show significant spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in silicon nano-electronic devices due to Dresselhaus and Rashba effects.
  • Understanding and controlling SOC is vital for advancing quantum processor design and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the precise control of spin-orbit interactions in silicon through atomic placement.
  • To demonstrate the ability to engineer a wide range of spin-orbit coupling strengths by positioning phosphorus atoms.
  • To explore how local symmetry modifications influence spin-orbit interactions for quantum applications.
Keywords:
dresselhausinversion symmetryrashbascanning tunnelling microscopesemiconductor qubitspin‐orbit interactionspin‐relaxation

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling and simulation of phosphorus atom placement in silicon lattices.
  • Analysis of spin-orbit coupling strengths (Dresselhaus and Rashba) based on atomic configurations and crystal symmetry.
  • Calculation of local symmetries (C2v, D2d, D3d) resulting from phosphorus atom placement.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a tunable range of Dresselhaus and Rashba coupling strengths from zero to 1113 × 10^-13 eV-cm.
  • Demonstrated that precision placement of phosphorus atoms along specific crystallographic directions ([110] and [111]) allows for controlled SOC.
  • Showed that altering phosphorus atom placement modifies local crystal symmetry, thereby engineering spin-orbit interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Precision phosphorus atom placement in silicon offers a powerful method to engineer spin-orbit interactions.
  • This atomic-level control is essential for optimizing both qubit gate operations and coherence times in quantum computing.
  • The findings provide critical insights for the design of next-generation silicon-based quantum processors.