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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crosstalk within and beyond the Polycomb repressive system.

Tianyi Hideyuki Shi1, Hiroki Sugishita1,2, Yukiko Gotoh1,2

  • 1Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|March 20, 2024
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Epigenetic mechanisms, like Polycomb repressive complexes, control cell differentiation. Understanding their crosstalk with other modifications offers new avenues for targeted cancer therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and developmental biology, focusing on gene regulation in multicellular organisms.

Background:

  • Cellular differentiation relies on epigenetic mechanisms to establish unique gene expression programs from invariant DNA.
  • Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) are key epigenetic regulators, depositing marks like H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub on developmentally regulated genes.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes recent findings on the interplay between Polycomb repressive complexes and other epigenetic modifications.
  • It examines how these crosstalk mechanisms enhance our comprehension of Polycomb-mediated gene regulation.

Key Points:

  • PRCs autonomously regulate genes, but their function is significantly influenced by interactions with other epigenetic modifications.
  • Emerging research highlights the importance of these crosstalks in achieving precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression during development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Polycomb crosstalk mechanisms deepens our knowledge of epigenetic regulation.
  • This knowledge holds potential for developing novel cancer treatments targeting aberrant epigenetic landscapes.