The first deep rebreather dive using hydrogen: case report

Bounce diving with rapid descents to very deep depths may provoke the high-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS). The strategy of including small fractions of nitrogen in the respired gas to produce an anti-HPNS narcotic effect increases the gas density which may exceed recommended guidelines. In 2020 the 'Wetmules' dive team explored the Pearse Resurgence cave (New Zealand) to 245 m breathing trimix (approximately 4% oxygen, 91% helium and 5% nitrogen). Despite the presence of nitrogen, one diver experienced HPNS tremors beyond 200 m. The use of hydrogen (a light yet slightly narcotic gas) has been suggested as a solution to this problem but there are concerns, including the potential for ignition and explosion of hydrogen-containing gases, and accelerated heat loss. In February 2023 a single dive to 230 m was conducted in the Pearse Resurgence to experience hydrogen as a breathing gas in a deep bounce dive. Using an electronic closed-circuit rebreather, helihydrox (approximately 3% oxygen, 59% helium and 38% hydrogen) was breathed between 200 and 230 m. This was associated with amelioration of HPNS symptoms in the vulnerable diver and no obvious adverse effects. The use of hydrogen is a potential means of progressing deeper with effective HPNS amelioration while maintaining respired gas density within advised guidelines.