Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

22.7K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
22.7K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

904
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
904
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

8.5K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
8.5K
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

8.3K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
8.3K
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

21.7K
The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
21.7K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

9.2K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
9.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multiscale analysis and functional validation of the cellular and genetic determinants of skeletal disease.

Nature genetics·2026
Same author

Targeted long-read sequencing enables comprehensive analysis of the genetic and epigenetic landscape of inherited myopathies.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Circulating metabolomic profile and its association with atrial fibrillation and systemic inflammation.

Heart rhythm O2·2026
Same author

DNA methylation reprogramming in marsupial embryos is restricted to the extraembryonic lineage.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Multiscale analysis and functional validation of the cellular and genetic determinants of skeletal disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Optical mapping reveals a higher level of large-scale structural variants in a family with paternally transmitted myotonic dystrophy and independent Parkinson's disease.

The Journal of pathology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

9.5K

A universal molecular control for DNA, mRNA and protein expression.

Helen M Gunter1,2,3, Scott E Youlten4,5,6, Andre L M Reis7,8,9

  • 1Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Nature Communications
|March 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed pREF, a universal synthetic standard for multi-omics studies. This tool integrates genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic methods, enabling accurate gene expression measurement across DNA, RNA, and protein levels.

More Related Videos

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX
10:09

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX

Published on: June 27, 2017

13.3K
In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

7.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

9.5K
Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX
10:09

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX

Published on: June 27, 2017

13.3K
In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

7.1K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Genomics
  • Transcriptomics
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Gene expression involves transcription to mRNA and translation to protein.
  • Next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry profile DNA, RNA, and protein abundance.
  • A lack of universal reference standards hinders integrated multi-omics measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a universal molecular standard for multi-omics analysis.
  • To create a control compatible with genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic methods.
  • To provide integrated gene expression measurement across molecular levels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized synthetic biology principles to engineer the pREF control.
  • pREF encodes 21 synthetic genes for in vitro transcription and translation.
  • Generated spike-in mRNA and matched protein controls from synthetic genes.

Main Results:

  • pREF functions as a universal standard for next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry.
  • Synthetic genes provide qualitative controls for sensitivity and quantitative accuracy.
  • Demonstrated pREF utility in metagenome DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, and protein quantification.

Conclusions:

  • pREF enables integrated measurement of gene expression across genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels.
  • The synthetic standard is independently propagable and sustainably prepared by laboratories.
  • pREF addresses the need for compatible reference standards in multi-omics research.