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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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The Epiblast and Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines.

Hisato Kondoh1,2

  • 1Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|March 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic development involves the epiblast differentiating into somatic cells during gastrulation. Established stem cell lines like mESCs, hESCs, and EpiSCs model these early developmental stages in vitro.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Differentiation

Background:

  • Somatic cells originate from the epiblast, a key embryonic layer.
  • Epiblast formation occurs post-implantation but pre-gastrulation.
  • Gastrulation involves extensive cell reorganization for somatic cell development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review early embryonic developmental stages.
  • To discuss the role of the epiblast in cell differentiation.
  • To highlight the utility of pluripotent stem cell lines in studying embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing established pluripotent stem cell lines: mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs).
  • Examining in vitro models representing distinct embryogenesis stages: preimplantation inner cell mass, early post-implantation epiblast, and later-stage epiblast.

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  • Analyzing cell regulation processes prior to somatic cell development.

    • Main Results:

    • mESCs represent the preimplantation stage inner cell mass.
    • hESCs model an early post-implantation stage epiblast.
    • EpiSCs represent a later-stage epiblast, offering insights into cell regulation.

    Conclusions:

    • Pluripotent stem cell lines provide valuable in vitro models for studying early embryogenesis.
    • Understanding epiblast development is crucial for comprehending somatic cell formation.
    • This chapter provides an overview of critical early developmental stages and their in vitro modeling.