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Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
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Understanding Environmental Exposures and ADHD: a Pathway Forward.

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Environmental factors may be linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but these associations require cautious interpretation due to potential confounding. Further research, particularly genetically informed studies, is needed to establish causality.

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ADHDConfoundingEpidemiologyExposuresMeta-analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental epidemiology
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • Environmental factors are increasingly investigated as potential contributors to ADHD etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview and contextual interpretation of meta-analyses on environmental causes of ADHD.
  • To highlight limitations and suggest future research directions for understanding ADHD etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature searches and defined eligibility criteria were used for meta-analyses.
  • Risk factor measurement preceded ADHD assessment in included studies.
  • Meta-analyses aggregated findings from numerous studies with large participant numbers.

Main Results:

  • Several environmental exposures showed associations with ADHD.
  • Observational nature of studies limits the ability to correct for all potential confounders.
  • Familial and genetic confounding were not assessed in the constituent studies.

Conclusions:

  • The documented associations between environmental exposures and ADHD are intriguing but require cautious interpretation.
  • Familial/genetic confounding is a significant limitation, necessitating genetically informed research.
  • Further examination is crucial to determine if reported associations represent causal events for ADHD.