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Related Concept Videos

Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

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Light-mediated intracellular polymerization.

Mohamed Abdelrahim1, Quan Gao1, Yichuan Zhang1,2

  • 1Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.

Nature Protocols
|March 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces two novel methods for synthesizing intracellular polymers, enhancing cellular functions for applications in drug delivery and cancer therapy. These polymers can be isolated within 48 hours for diverse biomedical applications.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

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In Vitro Polymerization of F-actin on Early Endosomes
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OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
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OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Intracellular polymers offer potential for drug delivery, bioimaging, and cancer therapies.
  • Biocompatible macromolecules can manipulate cellular functions due to their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail two innovative methods for intracellular polymerization.
  • To describe polymer isolation techniques.
  • To explore applications in cellular biology and medical research.

Main Methods:

  • Free radical polymerization using 2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure 2959) photoinitiator under UV light.
  • Photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization under visible light.
  • Isolation via streptavidin/biotin interaction or immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of intracellular polymers using two distinct photoinitiation methods.
  • Efficient isolation of synthesized polymers within approximately 48 hours.
  • Demonstrated potential in enhancing actin polymerization and bioimaging.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocols provide novel routes for intracellular polymer synthesis and isolation.
  • These polymers show promise for advanced applications in targeted cancer therapies and bioimaging.
  • The protocol is adaptable from cellular studies to animal models for systemic applications.