Dynamics of alkaloid accumulation in Narcissus cv. Hawera: a source of Sceletium-type alkaloids

The Sceletium-type alkaloids, known for their anxiolytic and antidepressant activities, have been recently found to be biosynthesized in Narcissus cv. Hawera, which is largely used as an ornamental plant. An alkaloid fraction enriched with Sceletium-type alkaloids from the plant has shown promising antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. In the present study, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the alkaloids in the plant organs were performed during one vegetation season by GC-MS. The alkaloid pattern and total alkaloid content was found to depend strongly on the stage of development and plant organ. The alkaloid content of bulbs was found to be highest during the dormancy period and lowest in sprouting bulbs. The leaves showed the highest alkaloid content during the intensive vegetative growth and lowest during flowering. In total, 13 alkaloids were detected in the methanol extracts of Narcissus cv. Hawera, six Sceletium-type and seven typical Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Major alkaloids in the alkaloid pattern were lycorine, 6-epi-mesembrenol, mesembrenone, sanguinine, and galanthamine. The leaves of flowering plants were found to have the highest amount of 6-epi-mesembrenol. Mesembrenone was found to be dominant alkaloid in the leaves of sprouting bulbs and in the flowers. Considering the biomass of the plant, the dormant bulbs are the best source of alkaloid fractions enriched with 6-epi-mesembrenol. The flowers and the young leaves can be used for preparation of alkaloid fractions enriched with mesembrenone. The results indicates that Narcissus cv. Hawera is an emerging source of valuable bioactive compounds and its utilization can be extended as a medicinal plant.