Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

13.2K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
13.2K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

10.2K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
10.2K
The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

2.5K
The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
2.5K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

3.1K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
3.1K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

3.3K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
3.3K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

12.4K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
12.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

TNIP1 and autophagy receptors regulate STING signaling.

Molecular biology of the cell·2025
Same author

Retraction Note: Parkin and PINK1 mitigate STING-induced inflammation.

Nature·2025
Same author

TNIP1 and Autophagy Receptors regulate STING Signaling.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Acute diacylglycerol production activates critical membrane-shaping proteins leading to mitochondrial tubulation and fission.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Mitochondrial YME1L1 governs unoccupied protein translocase channels.

Nature cell biology·2025
Same author

STING induces HOIP-mediated synthesis of M1 ubiquitin chains to stimulate NF-κB signaling.

The EMBO journal·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
10:36

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Published on: May 21, 2020

13.9K

Integrating the response to stressed mitochondria.

Elliot Dine1, Richard J Youle1

  • 1National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Molecular Cell
|March 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Phospho-EIF2α (pEIF2α), a key factor in the integrated stress response (ISR), drives the autophagic breakdown of mitochondria when cells encounter stress. This finding highlights pEIF2α

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response

Background:

  • Mitochondria are crucial for cellular energy production.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to various diseases.
  • Autophagy is a cellular process for degrading damaged components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of phospho-EIF2α (pEIF2α) in mitochondrial degradation.
  • To elucidate the involvement of the integrated stress response (ISR) in mitophagy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cell models exposed to mitochondrial stressors.
  • Assessed levels of pEIF2α and autophagy markers.
  • Investigated the necessity and sufficiency of pEIF2α in mitochondrial degradation.

Main Results:

More Related Videos

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

39.5K
Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

4.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
10:36

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Published on: May 21, 2020

13.9K
Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

39.5K
Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

4.4K
  • pEIF2α was found to be essential for the autophagic removal of mitochondria.
  • pEIF2α alone was sufficient to trigger mitochondrial degradation.
  • The integrated stress response (ISR) pathway is activated by mitochondrial stressors.

Conclusions:

  • pEIF2α is a critical mediator of mitophagy.
  • The ISR pathway plays a significant role in cellular response to mitochondrial stress.
  • Targeting pEIF2α could be a therapeutic strategy for conditions involving mitochondrial dysfunction.