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An ARF gene mutation creates flint kernel architecture in dent maize.

Haihai Wang¹, Yongcai Huang^1,2, Yujie Li^1,3

¹National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.

Nature Communications

|March 23, 2024

Summary

A mutation in the ARFTF17 gene creates flint-like maize kernels by reducing auxin levels. This genetic modification improves kernel texture and integrity without impacting yield, offering new possibilities for maize breeding.

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Area of Science:

Plant genetics
Maize breeding
Kernel architecture

Background:

Dent and flint kernel types in maize have distinct physical properties influencing grain use.
Genetic control of these kernel architectures remains largely unknown, hindering trait introgression.
Understanding the genetic basis is crucial for combining desirable traits from both dent and flint maize.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify genes controlling dent and flint kernel architectures in maize.
To investigate the role of ARFTF17 in kernel phenotype development.
To explore the potential of ARFTF17 mutations for improving maize kernel quality.

Main Methods:

Mutation analysis of ARFTF17 in a dent maize genetic background.
Quantification of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in the kernel pericarp.
Gene expression analysis and protein interaction studies (ARFTF17 and MYB40).
Phenotypic evaluation of kernel texture, integrity, and desiccation.

Main Results:

ARFTF17 mutation in dent maize reduced pericarp IAA content, inducing a flint-like kernel phenotype.
ARFTF17 encodes a protein inhibiting MYB40, which regulates PIN1 expression and flavonoid biosynthesis.
Increased flavonoid biosynthesis potentially diverts metabolic flux from auxin production.
The ARFTF17 mutation led to reduced cell division and expansion in the pericarp, resulting in denser kernels.
Introgression of the ARFTF17 mutation improved kernel texture, integrity, and desiccation in dent inbreds and hybrids without yield penalty.

Conclusions:

ARFTF17 plays a key role in regulating maize kernel architecture through auxin biosynthesis pathways.
Targeting ARFTF17 offers a novel strategy for enhancing maize kernel quality traits.
The ARFTF17 mutation provides a valuable tool for breeding improved dent and flint maize varieties.