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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Tonicity in Plants01:20

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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
41.6K
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Concentration of Virus Particles from Environmental Water and Wastewater Samples Using Skimmed Milk Flocculation and Ultrafiltration
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Confinement tonicity on epidemic spreading.

Alexis Erich S Almocera1, Alejandro H González2, Esteban A Hernandez-Vargas3,4

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines.

Journal of Mathematical Biology
|March 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Confinement tonicity, a new metric inspired by osmosis, measures population flows between isolated and non-isolated groups. This tool helps predict infection waves and manage quarantine lifting strategies effectively.

Keywords:
ConfinementEpidemicEpidemic final sizeStability

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Emerging and re-emerging pathogens pose significant global health risks.
  • COVID-19 highlighted the critical role of social confinement (quarantine) in controlling disease spread.
  • Abruptly lifting confinement can lead to resurgent infection waves and increased mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel metric, confinement tonicity, for quantifying population flows.
  • To provide a standalone measurement for assessing risks associated with easing quarantine restrictions.
  • To offer insights into the dynamics of susceptible populations during confinement transitions.

Main Methods:

  • An analogy to osmotic principles was used to define confinement tonicity.
  • Mathematical modeling was employed to simulate population dynamics.
  • Numerical results were generated to analyze the impact of easing quarantine measures.

Main Results:

  • Confinement tonicity quantifies net population movement between confined and deconfined compartments.
  • The metric provides insights into the potential for new infection waves.
  • Simulations demonstrate the effects of varying degrees of quarantine easing.

Conclusions:

  • Confinement tonicity offers a valuable tool for public health decision-making.
  • This metric aids in balancing disease control with the socioeconomic impacts of confinement.
  • Understanding population flows is crucial for managing future pandemic responses.