A novel electrode for simultaneous detection of multiple heavy metal ions without pre-enrichment in food samples

Integrating a pre-enrichment step into electrochemical detection methodologies has traditionally been employed to enhance the performance of heavy metal detection. However, this augmentation also introduces a degree of intricacy into the sensing process and increases energy consumption. In this work, Mo-doped WO₃ is grown in situ on carbon cloth by one-step electrodeposition. The electrode detect multiple heavy metal ions simultaneously in the range of 0.1-100.0 μM with LODs ranging from 11.2 to 17.1 nM. The electrode successfully detected heavy metal ions in diverse food samples. This pioneering detection strategy realized the direct and simultaneous detection of multiple heavy metal ions by utilizing the valence property of WO₃ and oxygen vacancies generated by molybdenum doping. The Mo-WO₃/CC pre-enrichment-free detection electrode boasts straightforward preparation, a streamlined detection procedure, swift response kinetics, and superior performance relative to previously reported electrodes, which makes it possible to develop a portable heavy metal ion detection device.