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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

5.5K
German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
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Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
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X-ray astronomy from the lunar surface.

Poshak Gandhi1

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|March 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lunar X-ray astronomy offers exciting engineering possibilities, from advanced telescopes to precise measurements. Missions can range from early pathfinders to ambitious projects requiring future lunar base development.

Keywords:
MoonX-ray astronomyinterferometrymicrocalorimetersmulti-messengeroccultation

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Area of Science:

  • Astronomy
  • Astrophysics
  • Space Science

Background:

  • Humanity's return to the Moon presents opportunities for novel scientific endeavors.
  • Lunar surface operations offer unique advantages for astronomical observations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key cases for X-ray astronomy conducted from the lunar surface.
  • To discuss the benefits and challenges of lunar-based X-ray astronomy.
  • To assess the feasibility of different mission types based on current and future capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of proposed X-ray astronomy mission concepts for lunar deployment.
  • Analysis of engineering requirements for advanced telescope designs (high-throughput, long focal length, interferometry).
  • Evaluation of astrometric precision gains from lunar occultation studies.
  • Consideration of multi-messenger time-domain coordinated observations.

Main Results:

  • X-ray astronomy from the Moon can facilitate ambitious engineering designs.
  • Occultation studies from the Moon significantly enhance astrometric precision.
  • Coordinated multi-messenger observations are a key future application.
  • Mission feasibility varies, with some suitable for early pathfinders and others requiring advanced lunar infrastructure.

Conclusions:

  • Operating X-ray astronomy missions from the Moon presents significant scientific and engineering potential.
  • A phased approach to lunar X-ray astronomy is recommended, starting with lower-mass pathfinders.
  • Future advancements in technology and lunar base development will enable more complex missions.