Estimating implicit and explicit racial and ethnic bias among community pharmacists in Canada
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View abstract on PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.Community pharmacists in Ontario show implicit bias favoring white individuals over Black and Arab people. Educational interventions are recommended to address these unconscious biases and improve patient care.
Area Of Science
- Health Services Research
- Social Psychology
- Pharmacy Practice
Background
- Healthcare professionals' implicit and explicit biases can negatively impact patient care and outcomes.
- Community pharmacists, as accessible healthcare providers, are crucial in addressing health disparities.
- Racial and ethnic biases among pharmacists may lead to differential treatment and affect patient health.
- This study focuses on implicit and explicit bias among community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada, towards Black and Arab populations.
Purpose Of The Study
- To estimate the prevalence of implicit and explicit racial/ethnic bias towards Black and Arab people among community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada.
- To investigate the relationship between implicit and explicit biases and demographic factors in this population.
- To provide evidence for the development of targeted interventions to mitigate bias in pharmacy practice.
Main Methods
- A cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing a secure, web-based survey.
- Harvard's Race and Arab Implicit Association Tests (IATs) were used to measure implicit bias.
- Explicit (self-reported) preferences were assessed, and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Main Results
- A statistically significant moderate implicit preference for white individuals over both Black (mean IAT = 0.41) and Arab people (mean IAT = 0.35) was observed among 407 community pharmacists.
- The majority of pharmacists explicitly reported neutral racial/ethnic preferences, yet implicit bias was present.
- Older, Canadian-born, white pharmacists with more experience showed higher implicit bias scores.
- A mild correlation was found between implicit and explicit bias, with increasing implicit bias correlating with more negative explicit bias.
Conclusions
- This is the first study in Canada to examine pharmacist bias, specifically focusing on anti-Arab bias.
- Ontario community pharmacists exhibit an unconscious inclination towards white individuals and a moderate degree of anti-Arab bias.
- Findings highlight the need for further research on bias in other healthcare professionals and underscore the importance of addressing anti-Arab bias.
- Educational interventions are crucial to raise pharmacist self-awareness, educate on bias implications, and provide strategies for bias reduction.
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