Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

6.7K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
6.7K
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

126
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
126
Hazard Ratio01:12

Hazard Ratio

118
The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
For example, in a clinical trial...
118
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

12.0K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
12.0K
Methods of Documentation IV: Focus Charting01:26

Methods of Documentation IV: Focus Charting

1.0K
Focus Charting, also known as the focus charting system or "focus documentation," is a systematic documentation approach used in healthcare to organize patient information in medical records.
It typically involves three columns for recording information:
1.0K
Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

215
Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and...
215

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The effect of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Dispensing of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: a cross-national drug utilisation study.

Nordic journal of psychiatry·2026
Same author

ODIN Biobank: a Danish cohort for dementia research- cohort profile.

BMJ open·2026
Same author

Why Analyses of Achieved Sodium Correction Rates in Hyponatremia Studies Do Not Identify Causal (Treatment) Effects.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·2026
Same author

Development and external validation of a novel prediction model for the TraumaTriage App.

European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society·2026
Same author

Pitfalls in prediction modeling research.

European journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Psychosocial retrospective follow-up of young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

European journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Correction to: Steroidogenic factor-1 regulates a core set of target genes to promote malignancy in adrenocortical carcinoma.

European journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Improving post-thyroidectomy care using a PTH and calcium-based algorithm.

European journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Sampling variability and concordance between sequential and simultaneous adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism subtype diagnosis.

European journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Independent Clonal Evolution in Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease: A Single-Patient Multi-Omics Study.

European journal of endocrinology·2026
Same journal

Twenty years of neurosurgical experience with Cushing's disease: surgical-strategies, endocrine outcomes and remission predictors in 346 patients.

European journal of endocrinology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
08:43

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: August 7, 2017

7.9K

Directed acyclic graphs in clinical research.

Olaf M Dekkers1,2,3, Kristina Laugesen2,4, Rolf H H Groenwold1,5

  • 1Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Endocrinology
|March 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) visually represent causal relationships in medical research. These causal diagrams help identify and address potential biases like confounding, selection, and misclassification.

Keywords:
BiasDAGconfoundingdirected acyclic graphs

More Related Videos

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
06:54

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Published on: March 4, 2018

14.1K
A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports
07:35

A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
08:43

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: August 7, 2017

7.9K
Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
06:54

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Published on: March 4, 2018

14.1K
A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports
07:35

A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.6K

Area of Science:

  • Medical research methodology
  • Causal inference

Background:

  • Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are graphical tools used to represent causal structures.
  • Understanding causal relationships is crucial for robust medical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the utility of DAGs in medical research.
  • To demonstrate how DAGs can identify and guide the mitigation of various biases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing DAGs as a framework for visualizing causal pathways.
  • Applying DAGs to conceptualize confounding, selection, and misclassification bias.

Main Results:

  • DAGs effectively illustrate complex causal relationships.
  • The graphical representation aids in identifying sources of bias in study designs.

Conclusions:

  • DAGs are valuable tools for understanding and addressing bias in medical research.
  • Researchers can use DAGs to improve the validity of their studies.