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Updated: Jun 29, 2025
A Zebrafish Embryo Model for In Vivo Visualization and Intravital Analysis of Biomaterial-associated Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Published on: January 7, 2019
Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, cardiac implantable electronic device, extraction, and the risk of recurrent
Andreas Berge1,2, Casper Carlsén1, Alexandros Petropoulos3,4
1Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Background:
Patients with cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) and Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) are at risk of having CIED infection, pocket infection or endocarditis. To avoid treatment failures, guidelines recommend that the CIED should be extracted in all cases of SAB butrecent studies indicate low extraction rates and low risk of relapse. The aim of the study was to describe a Swedish population-based cohort of patients with CIED and SAB, the rate of extraction, and treatment failure measured as recurrent SAB.
Methods:
Patients identified to have SAB in the Karolinska Laboratory database, serving a population of 1.9 million, from January 2015 through December 2019 were matched to the Swedish ICD and Pacemaker Registry. Patients with CIED and SAB were included. Clinical data were collected from medical records.
Results:
A cohort of 274 patients was identified and 38 patients (14%)had the CIED extracted. Factors associated with extraction were lower age, lower Charlson comorbidity index, shorter time since CIED implantation, and non-nosocomial acquisition, but not mortality. No patient was put on lifelong antibiotic treatment. Sixteen patients (6%) had a recurrent SAB within one year, two in patients subjected to extraction (5%) and 14 in patients not subjected to CIED-extraction (6%). Three of the 14 patients were found to have definite endocarditis during the recurrent episode.
Conclusions:
Despite a low extraction rate, there were few recurrences. We suggest that extraction of the CIED might be omitted if pocket infection, changes on the CIED, or definite endocarditis are not detected.
