Intraoral cultural tattooing: Possible forensic utility

The custom of oral tattooing is mainly performed in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and usually results in blue pigmentation of the maxillary gingiva in dentate individuals. However, its usefulness has not been explored in the forensic literature. The aim of this article is to provide a review of this custom and include an unusual case study involving persistent gingival pigmentation. Herein, this report describes a 43-year-old woman from Eritrea who presented with slight bluish hue of the edentulous maxillary ridge associated with cultural tattooing. Elucidation of the cause of subtle blue hyperpigmentation may be challenging as cultural tattooing typically fades with age. Timely recognition of this oral pseudopathologic process may serve as secondary evidence for forensic identification and possibly provide aid in localizing one's ethnogeographic origin.