The effect of different mechanism combinations on sliding between brace and lower limb during walking and leg-raising

Knee braces are commonly used to support the knee joint and improve function. However, brace sliding caused by the misalignment between brace and knee during motion is a common problem, which reduces the therapeutic effect and leads to brace abandonment. To investigate the effect of mechanism combinations on sliding, an experimental brace was designed to isolate the mechanism as the sole variable. Ten healthy participants were recruited, each of whom worn four combinations of lateral/medial mechanisms: lateral and medial single-axis (SA), lateral super gear (SG) and medial non-circular gear (NCG), lateral four-bar linkage (FL) and medial SG, and lateral FL and medial NCG. The knee flexion angle was collected using inertial measurement units, and brace sliding was measured by 3D motion capture system. All combinations had significant changes in peak sliding of thigh and shank compared to the SA combination (p < 0.05), but lateral FL and medial NCG combination had the lowest peak and final sliding during walking and leg-raising, with significant reductions of 40.7 and 85.3% in peak sliding of thigh, and significant reductions of 56.3 and 72.0% in peak sliding of shank, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mechanism combination did not significantly impact the knee range of motion (p > 0.05). The mechanism combination that fit the instantaneous center of rotation of lateral/medial condyle of knee joint demonstrates a significant reduction in brace sliding. Additionally, the peak sliding during motion is significantly higher than the final sliding.