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Motion of a Projectile01:23

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Projectile motion becomes evident when a player kicks the ball into the air. The launch angle, or the angle at which the ball is kicked, plays a crucial role in determining the trajectory of the projectile. As the ball soars through the air, influenced solely by gravity, its motion can be dissected into two independent velocity components: the horizontal and the vertical.
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Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy
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Does Deep Squat Quality Affect the Propulsion of Baseball Throwing?

Wei-Hsuan Lin1, Tsung-Yu Huang1, Shu-Wei Chen1

  • 1Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 27, 2024
PubMed
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Deep squat quality impacts baseball throwing efficiency, not ball velocity. Lower squat scores correlate with reduced propulsion efficiency and increased injury risk, highlighting the value of squat screening for athletes.

Keywords:
ground reaction forcejoint mobilitymovement assesssports performancetraining

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Movement Analysis

Background:

  • The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) deep squat assesses fundamental movement patterns.
  • Lower extremity mechanics are crucial for baseball throwing performance and injury prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between deep squat movement quality and baseball throwing biomechanics.
  • To determine the impact of squat quality on throwing performance, propulsion efficiency, and ground reaction forces (GRF).

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-two baseball players were divided into high-score squat (HSS) and low-score squat (LSS) groups based on FMS deep squat results.
  • Analysis included ball velocity, propulsion efficiency, GRF characteristics, and throwing kinematics.
  • Kinematic and kinetic data were analyzed for both pivot and leading legs.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in ball velocity were observed between HSS and LSS groups.
  • The LSS group showed lower propulsion GRF efficiency and higher vertical peak GRF.
  • The HSS group demonstrated significantly better impulse force efficiency and greater contribution to ball velocity in both pivot and leading legs.

Conclusions:

  • Deep squat screening is a valuable tool for assessing throwing propulsion efficiency.
  • Players with low squat quality but high throwing performance may have elevated injury risks.
  • Coaches should consider squat assessment to identify potential biomechanical compensations and injury risks.