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Dual activation of NLRP3 and pyrin inflammasomes mediates host responses to the human fungal pathogen Coccidioides.

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The Host Response to Coccidioidomycosis.

Theo N Kirkland1,2, Chiung-Yu Hung3, Lisa F Shubitz4

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.

Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 27, 2024
PubMed
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Coccidioidomycosis, a fungal disease, is effectively cleared by most immune systems, providing robust immunity against reinfection. Immunocompromised individuals face higher risks of disseminated disease.

Keywords:
acquired immunitycoccidioidomycosisdendritic cellsgeneticsimmunityinnate immunitymacrophagesvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology and Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Mycology

Background:

  • Coccidioidomycosis is a significant fungal infection endemic to desert regions of the Western Hemisphere.
  • Inhaled *Coccidioides* species cause disease, with only half of immunocompetent individuals developing symptomatic pneumonia.
  • Most symptomatic infections resolve spontaneously, and natural immunity confers strong protection against reinfection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the host immune responses to *Coccidioides* species.
  • To examine the genetic factors influencing resistance to severe coccidioidomycosis.
  • To discuss the ongoing development of an effective vaccine for coccidioidomycosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on innate and acquired immune responses to *Coccidioides*.
  • Analysis of genetic studies related to resistance and susceptibility to coccidioidomycosis.
  • Examination of research progress in coccidioidomycosis vaccine development.

Main Results:

  • The host immune response is generally effective in resolving *Coccidioides* infection and establishing long-term immunity.
  • Genetic factors play a crucial role in determining an individual's susceptibility to severe or disseminated coccidioidomycosis.
  • Significant progress has been made in understanding immune mechanisms, yet an effective vaccine remains a research priority.

Conclusions:

  • The host immune system is highly effective against *Coccidioides* in most individuals, leading to spontaneous resolution and robust immunity.
  • Genetic predisposition significantly impacts the severity of coccidioidomycosis, particularly in immunocompromised populations.
  • Further research into host-pathogen interactions and genetic resistance is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies and vaccines.