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Related Concept Videos

iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
2.2K
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

1.9K
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
1.9K
Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

4.0K
Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell...
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Utilizing Messenger RNA for Regenerative Medicine.

Masahito Inagaki1

  • 1Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.

Journal of Developmental Biology
|March 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Messenger RNA (mRNA) holds promise for regenerative medicine beyond vaccines. New synthesis techniques ensure mRNA purity, overcoming challenges like contamination and enabling safer therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
cell regenerationcellular differentiationdirect reprogrammingmessenger RNApluripotent cellsregenerative medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Nucleic Acid Therapeutics

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted messenger RNA (mRNA) potential for vaccines and regenerative medicine.
  • Current mRNA synthesis methods face purity issues, including 5'-uncapped mRNA and double-stranded RNA contamination.
  • Chemically modified nucleosides enhance mRNA stability and function for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis technologies.
  • To explore the application of mRNA in regenerative medicine.
  • To highlight the advantages of mRNA-based therapies over viral vector methods.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel, completely capped mRNA synthesis technology.
  • Review of chemically modified nucleosides (e.g., N1-methylpseudouridine, 5-methylcytidine) for mRNA applications.
  • Discussion of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generation and the risks associated with oncogenes in Yamanaka factors.

Main Results:

  • A new mRNA synthesis technology effectively eliminates contaminants like 5'-uncapped mRNA and double-stranded RNA.
  • Chemically modified nucleosides enable practical applications of mRNA in vaccines and regenerative medicine.
  • mRNA-based regenerative medicine offers a safer alternative to viral vector-based methods by avoiding genomic DNA insertion.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced mRNA synthesis techniques are crucial for ensuring the purity and safety of mRNA therapeutics.
  • mRNA technology presents a promising, non-integrating approach for regenerative medicine applications, including iPSC generation.
  • Continued research in mRNA synthesis and application will accelerate its use in treating diseases and promoting tissue repair.