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Updated: Jun 29, 2025
Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens
Published on: April 18, 2013
Anatomical variations in the superficial venous system of the neck: an image-based study using contrast-enhanced
Keigo Honda1, Koichi Omori2, Yo Kishimoto2
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-Ku, Shogoin Kawahara-Cho 54, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan. k_honda@ent.kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Purpose:
The superficial venous system (SVS) of the neck receives blood from the face and oral cavity. The SVS comprises the anterior jugular vein (AJV), external jugular vein (EJV), and facial vein (FV). Comprehensive knowledge of the normal anatomy and potential variations in the venous system is valuable in surgical and radiological procedures. This study aimed to update the anatomic knowledge of the SVS using a radiographic approach, which is a beneficial data source in clinical practice.
Methods:
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography images of the neck of patients with head and neck cancer treated between 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Each side of the neck was counted separately. A total of 302 necks of 151 patients were enrolled in this study.
Results:
The medial AJV was absent in 49.7% (75/151) of the patients on the left side, which was significantly greater than the 19.2% (29/151) on the right (p < 0.001). The left AJV drained into the right venous system in 6.6% (10/151) of the necks. In 48.3% (146/302) of the necks, the FV did not flow into the internal jugular vein but rather into the EJV or AJV; these findings were significantly more frequent than those reported in previous studies. The diameters of the veins were significantly larger when they received blood from the FV than when they were not connected to the FV.
Conclusion:
These findings indicate that the AJV has a rightward preference during its course. The course of the FV is diverse and affects the diameter of connected veins.
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