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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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A population-based study of the co-occurrence of hypospadias and congenital heart defects among boys conceived with in vitro fertilization†.

Human reproduction (Oxford, England)·2026
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Corrigendum to 'International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies world report: assisted reproductive technology, 2019' [Fertil Steril 2025;124:679-93].

Fertility and sterility·2026
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Exploring endometriosis through 3D <i>in vitro</i> models: A narrative review.

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Diagnosis and Therapy of Endometriosis. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/045, April 2025).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Long-Term Health Impacts of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection on Offspring
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Author Spotlight: Exploring the Long-Term Health Impacts of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection on Offspring

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Pathologic maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with programmed embryo transfer.

Kirk P Conrad1, Frauke von Versen-Höynck2, Valerie L Baker3

  • 1Departments of Physiology and Aging and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA. kpconrad@ufl.edu.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
|March 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed embryo transfer cycles increase risks for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preeclampsia. These cycles are also linked to fetal overgrowth and other adverse outcomes, warranting further investigation into prevention.

Keywords:
Birth weightHypertensive disorders of pregnancyIn vitro fertilizationLarge for gestational ageMacrosomiaPlacenta accretaPostterm birthPreeclampsiaPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) aim to improve fertility outcomes.
  • Understanding risks associated with specific ART protocols is crucial for patient safety.
  • Programmed embryo transfer cycles are a common ART method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on adverse maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes in programmed embryo transfer cycles.
  • To investigate potential causes of these adverse outcomes, including factors related to embryo culture and cryopreservation.
  • To lay the groundwork for exploring etiologies and prevention strategies in a companion paper.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of primary literature on programmed embryo transfer cycles.
  • Analysis of observational studies (retrospective and prospective) examining pregnancy outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Programmed autologous frozen embryo transfer (FET) is associated with increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and preeclampsia compared to natural or stimulated cycles.
  • FET in programmed cycles also showed higher prevalence of large for gestational age infants, macrosomia, and higher birth weights.
  • Increased risks of postterm birth and placenta accreta were observed with programmed autologous FET, independent of traditional risk factors or cryopreservation alone.

Conclusions:

  • Programmed autologous FET is linked to diverse adverse pregnancy outcomes, including HDP, preeclampsia, fetal overgrowth, postterm birth, and placenta accreta.
  • The association with late-onset or term preeclampsia requires further research but may offer insights into placental pathogenesis.
  • The heightened risks underscore the urgency for developing preventative measures for adverse outcomes in programmed embryo transfer cycles.