Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma coexisting with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified

We report the case of a 52-year-old male who presented to our hospital with cervical lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biopsy revealed small atypical lymphoid cells positive for CD3 and CD5 and negative for CD56 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small RNA (EBER) by in situ hybridization. CD4-positive cells and CD8-positive cells were mixed in almost equal numbers. He was diagnosed with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). The patient received one cycle of chemotherapy, resulting in severe sepsis. While undergoing treatment in the intensive care unit with an antimicrobial agent and prednisone, ascitic fluid appeared. Abdominal aspiration revealed neutrophil-predominant ascites and microbiological studies revealed Candida albicans. However, ascites did not improve when treated with micafungin for Candida peritonitis. Abdominal aspiration was re-performed, and atypical lymphoid cells that were positive for CD3 and CD56 were detected. EBV-DNA levels in whole blood were significantly elevated. Atypical lymphoid cells were positive for EBER by in situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis showed EBV terminal repeat monoclonal patterns. Bone marrow examination revealed the same atypical lymphoid cells. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) with bone marrow involvement 3 months after the diagnosis of PTCL-NOS. Complications associated with PTCL-NOS and ENKTL are rare. PTCL-NOS, chemotherapy, sepsis, and prednisone might have led to immunodeficiency and reactivation of EBV, which might be one of the pathophysiologies for developing ENKTL. Our case indicates that measuring EBV-DNA in the blood is a simple and prompt examination to detect complications of EBV-associated lymphoma.