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Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

7.9K
Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

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In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
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Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers
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Intermediate soil acidification induces highest nitrous oxide emissions.

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Soil pH is the main driver of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, a potent greenhouse gas. Moderately acidic soils favor N2O-producing microbes, increasing emissions and emission factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils are increasing.
  • The proportion of reactive nitrogen emitted as N2O (emission factor, EF) is rising.
  • Controls and mechanisms of N2O EFs remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the primary controls on soil N2O emission factors (EFs).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying N2O EF variations.
  • To determine the role of soil pH in N2O emissions and denitrifier communities.

Main Methods:

  • Global data synthesis of N2O emission fluxes (5438 paired data points).
  • Field studies examining the effects of soil acidity on N2O EFs.
  • Analysis of soil denitrifier community composition in relation to pH and N2O production.

Main Results:

  • Soil pH predominantly controls N2O EFs by influencing denitrifier community composition.
  • A hump-shaped relationship was observed between soil pH and N2O EFs.
  • Moderately acidic soils exhibited the highest N2O EFs due to a shift towards N2O-producing microorganisms.

Conclusions:

  • Soil pH has a unimodal relationship with soil denitrifiers and N2O EFs.
  • Net N2O emissions depend on the N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio and overall denitrification rate.
  • Findings provide insights for predicting and mitigating soil N2O emissions under future nitrogen scenarios.