Mutations overlying the miR172 target site of TOE-type genes are prime candidate variants for the double-flower trait...

Mutations affecting flower shape in many plants have been favored by human selection, and various fruit trees are also grown for ornamental purposes. Mei (Prunus mume) is a dual purpose tree originated in China well known in the Western world for its generous early blooms, often bearing double flowers. Building on the knowledge of its genomic location, a candidate gene approach was used to identify a 49 bp deletion encompassing the miR172 target site of the euAP2 gene pmTOE (PmuVar_Ch1_3490) as a prime variant linked to flower doubleness. Searching within a large dataset of genome sequencing data from Eastern germplasm collections demonstrated a tight variant-trait association, further confirmed in a panel of commercial and non-commercial varieties available in Italy. Moreover, two SNP mutations in the miR172 target site of pmPET (PmuVar_Ch1_1333) were identified in some double flower accessions. The mei orthologue of PETALOSA genes already found responsible for the phenotype in other plants suggests that independent variants may have been selected throughout mei domestication history.