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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Functional Roles and Genomic Impact of Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs) in Prokaryotes.

Michael F Minnick1

  • 1Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.

Genes
|March 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are the least studied mobile genetic elements in prokaryotes. This review covers MITE diversity, distribution, and roles in bacterial and archaeal genome evolution.

Keywords:
MGEsMITEsTnsevolutiongenomesminiature inverted repeat transposable elementsmobile genetic elementsnon-autonomousprokaryotetransposons

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Prokaryotic genomes are shaped by mobile genetic elements (MGEs).
  • MGEs include transposons, plasmids, and bacteriophages.
  • Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are a poorly understood class of MGEs in prokaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diversity and distribution of MITEs in prokaryotic genomes.
  • To summarize current knowledge on the functional roles of MITEs.
  • To explore the involvement of MITEs in genomic plasticity and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of prokaryotic MITEs.
  • Analysis of MITE distribution across bacterial and archaeal phyla.
  • Synthesis of functional data regarding MITEs.

Main Results:

  • MITEs exhibit significant diversity and varied distribution in prokaryotes.
  • Evidence suggests MITEs play roles in host gene regulation and genome rearrangement.
  • MITEs contribute to prokaryotic genome plasticity and evolutionary processes.

Conclusions:

  • MITEs are important, yet understudied, mobile genetic elements in prokaryotes.
  • Further research into MITEs is crucial for understanding prokaryotic genome dynamics.
  • MITEs represent a key factor in bacterial and archaeal evolution.