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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Spotlight on G-Quadruplexes: From Structure and Modulation to Physiological and Pathological Roles.

Maria Chiara Dell'Oca1, Roberto Quadri1, Giulia Maria Bernini1

  • 1Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are unique nucleic acid structures with crucial roles in gene regulation and genome maintenance. Research highlights their involvement in cancer, positioning G4s as promising therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
DNAG4RNAnucleic acids structures

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical secondary structures formed by guanine-rich nucleic acids.
  • Extensive research has elucidated their structure, stability, localization, and biological significance.
  • G4s are implicated in fundamental cellular processes including gene expression, RNA biogenesis, DNA replication, and genome stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of G-quadruplex biology.
  • To synthesize findings from seminal and recent studies on G4s.
  • To discuss the role of G4s in various pathologies, particularly cancer, and their potential as drug targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature, combining seminal works with recent experimental evidence.
  • Discussion of common methodologies used for G-quadruplex detection and characterization.
  • Analysis of experimental data to understand G4 structure, stability, and biological functions.

Main Results:

  • G-quadruplexes play significant roles in diverse biological pathways across species.
  • Accumulating evidence links G4s to cancer biology and other diseases.
  • G4 structures are recognized as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Conclusions:

  • G-quadruplexes are vital regulators of nucleic acid function with implications in health and disease.
  • The study of G4s offers promising avenues for drug development, especially in oncology.
  • Understanding G4 methodologies is crucial for interpreting experimental findings in this rapidly evolving field.