Advances in the Study of Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Regeneration

Promoting the efficiency of bone regeneration in bone loss diseases is a significant clinical challenge. Traditional therapies often fail to achieve better therapeutic outcomes and shorter treatment times. However, in recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained significant attention due to their exceptional osteogenic function in bone regeneration and superior therapeutic effects compared to traditional cell therapy. EVs have emerged as a promising therapy for tissue defect regeneration due to their various physiological functions, such as regulating the immune response and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. Moreover, EVs have good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and long-term stability, and can be improved through pretreatment and other methods. Studies investigating the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles promote bone regeneration and applying EVs from different sources using various methods to animal models of bone defects have increased. Therefore, this paper reviews the types of EVs used for bone regeneration, their sources, roles, delivery pathways, scaffold biomaterials, and applications.