Phage Delivery Strategies for Biocontrolling Human, Animal, and Plant Bacterial Infections: State of the Art

This review aims at presenting the main strategies that are currently available for the delivery of bacteriophages to combat bacterial infections in humans, animals, and plants. It can be seen that the main routes for phage delivery are topical, oral, systemic, and airways for humans. In animals, the topical and oral routes are the most used. To combat infections in plant species, spraying the plant's phyllosphere or drenching the soil are the most commonly used methods. In both phage therapy and biocontrol using phages, very promising results have been obtained so far. However, more experiments are needed to establish forms of treatment and phage doses, among other parameters. Furthermore, in general, there is a lack of specific standards for the use of phages to combat bacterial infections.