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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

Differing Susceptibilities to Certain Microbicidal Chemistries among Three Representative Enveloped Viruses.

Tanya Kapes¹, Charles Quinn¹, Andrew Eli Cragun¹

¹Microbac Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, VA 20164, USA.

|March 28, 2024

Summary

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a poor indicator for enveloped virus inactivation, as it is more resistant to disinfectants like BTC® 835 and peracetic acid than SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinia virus.

Keywords:

SARS-CoV-2 bovine viral diarrhea virus ethanol liquid inactivation low pH inactivation peracetic acid quaternary ammonium compound sodium hypochlorite vaccinia virus

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Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity

Published on: November 16, 2017

Area of Science:

Virology
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Lipid-enveloped viruses are a diverse group with varying susceptibilities to inactivation.
Understanding differential susceptibility is crucial for effective disinfection strategies.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), vaccinia virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are relevant models for enveloped virus inactivation studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the efficacy of low pH treatment and common microbicides against three distinct lipid-enveloped viruses.
To identify potential differences in virus susceptibility to various inactivation methods.
To determine if BVDV can serve as a reliable surrogate for other enveloped viruses in inactivation studies.

Main Methods:

Side-by-side liquid inactivation efficacy studies were conducted using BVDV, vaccinia virus, and SARS-CoV-2.
Viruses were challenged with 5% animal serum and exposed to low pH (3.0-3.1), sodium hypochlorite (100 ppm), ethanol (70%), BTC® 835 (100 ppm), and peracetic acid (100 ppm).
Contact times varied: 10 and 60 min for low pH, and 1 min for microbicides, following ASTM E1052 standard at room temperature.

Main Results:

Sodium hypochlorite and ethanol achieved complete inactivation of all three viruses.
Significant differences in susceptibility were observed for BTC® 835 and peracetic acid.
Susceptibility order varied: BTC® 835 (SARS-CoV-2 > vaccinia virus = BVDV), peracetic acid (vaccinia virus > SARS-CoV-2 > BVDV), and low pH (vaccinia virus > SARS-CoV-2 > BVDV).

Conclusions:

Lipid-enveloped viruses do not exhibit uniform susceptibility to inactivation methods.
BVDV demonstrated greater resistance to BTC® 835, peracetic acid, and low pH compared to vaccinia virus and SARS-CoV-2.
BVDV may not be a suitable worst-case surrogate for evaluating the efficacy of certain disinfectants against all enveloped viruses.