Research Progress on the NSP10 Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious and pathogenic infectious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It manifests as reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory disorders in piglets. PRRSV infects swine herds with symptoms such as abortions, stillbirths, and mummified fetuses in gestating sows. Piglets mainly experience abdominal respiration and respiratory symptoms. To date, the prevention of PRRS relies primarily on vaccination and the implementation of various preventive and control measures. Swine deaths caused by PRRS have resulted in significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Non-structural protein 10 (NSP10) has helicase and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities that unwind DNA and RNA and play important roles in viral replication and transcription. Hence, it can be potentially used to develop novel reagents for the detection of PPRSV. This article reviews genetic variations, interaction with viral and host proteins, effects on PRRSV replication, immunomodulation, apoptosis, and viral virulence of NSP10, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of PRRS and drug development in the future.